EU Defence Capabilities after the War in Ukraine: The Act in Support of Ammunition Production and the Development of an EU Defence Industrial Policy

Assesses the EU’s Act in Support of Ammunition Production (ASAP) as a response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, situating it within the post-2022 evolution of EU foreign, security and defence policy. It concludes that while ASAP marks a step toward a European defence-industrial base, its modest budget and watered-down powers leave the EU’s framework insufficient given the ongoing war and uncertain long-term US commitment. (DELI Working Paper No.5/2025)